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1. According to Herzberg, when ________ are adequate, people won't be dissatisfied, but they will also not be satisfied.
A) achievement needs
B) affiliation needs
C) motivational factors
D) power needs
E) hygiene factors
2. Which of the following describes the halo effect?
A) attributing our own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors
B) judging someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which he or she belongs
C) interpreting a person's behavior in comparison to others recently encountered
D) drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
E) underestimating the influence of external factors when making judgments about people
3. Which of the following theories proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation?
A) self-serving theory
B) motivation-hygiene theory
C) two-factor theory
D) self-determination theory
E) goal setting theory
4. The top management of Myers Corp are planning a reorganization of their company to cut costs and increase efficiency. The various division heads have come to an agreement that clarity of goals and tasks, detailed procedural guidelines like employee manuals, and a cooperative workforce are their main strengths. Additionally, they are of the opinion that cutting managerial positions to reduce costs and reorganizing Myers Corp as a relatively flat organization is a good approach. This scenario reflects the operation of ________ in replacing the support and ability offered by leaders.
A) vision
B) traits
C) attributes
D) substitutes
E) charisma
5. Alejandro is constantly annoying people in the office. He speaks his mind freely without taking into consideration how it will affect others, doesn't try to smile when he's in a bad mood, and can't understand why other people are upset with him. Alejandro's inability to be self-aware indicates that he has a very low ________.
A) negative affect
B) self-esteem
C) job satisfaction
D) emotional intelligence
E) cognitive intelligence
6. ________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
A) charisma
B) interpersonal relationships
C) esteem
D) creativity
E) motivation
7. ________ bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information.
8. According to the situational leadership theory, if followers are unable and willing to do a task, then a leader needs to ________.
A) follow a supportive style
B) engage in participative leadership
C) refrain from providing too many inputs
D) display high task and relationship orientation
E) demonstrate high task and low relationship orientation
9. David Myers is of the opinion that people who drive SUVs are rash drivers. He feels that people driving SUVs do not respect road rules and always violate traffic regulations. What personal factor is most likely to be affecting Myers' perception of SUV drivers?
A) his financial background
B) his expectations
C) his interest
D) his motive
E) his personality
10. ________ is defined as a psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself vulnerable to another because you have positive expectations about how things are going to turn out.
11. The top management of Myers Corp are planning a reorganization of their company to cut costs and increase efficiency. The various division heads have come to an agreement that clarity of goals and tasks, detailed procedural guidelines like employee manuals, and a cooperative workforce are their main strengths. Additionally, they are of the opinion that cutting managerial positions to reduce costs and reorganizing Myers Corp as a relatively flat organization is a good approach. This scenario reflects the operation of ________ in replacing the support and ability offered by leaders.
A) vision
B) traits
C) attributes
D) substitutes
E) charisma
12. Which of following needs best corresponds to McClelland's need for affiliation?
A) safety-security
B) interpersonal relationships
C) esteem
D) self-actualization
E) physiological belongingness
13. William Davies feels that all rich people are kind, hardworking, and friendly. Which of the following best characterizes Davies' perception?
A) confirmation bias
B) self-serving bias
C) randomness error
D) halo effect
E) hindsight bias
14. Which of the following theories of leadership is based on situational variables?
A) attribution theory
B) trait theories
C) charismatic leadership theory
D) path-goal theory
E) behavioral theories
15. Jackie thinks that she is paid a lot less than other employees in her division and feels extremely resentful. She starts taking long breaks and generally wastes time. Her actions resulted from a perceived lack of ________ justice.
A) interactional
B) interpersonal
C) procedural
D) distributive
E) associative
16. When Ariana Winter is told that her dog has been killed by a car, she feels deeply saddened. Her feelings are then overcome by a surge of anger at the car driver. However, minutes later, she is able to laugh and talk about the good memories spent with her pet. What is one of the reasons that Winter's reaction can be categorized as an emotion?
A) Its cause is general and ambiguous.
B) It lasted for a brief time period.
C) It is not action-oriented.
D) It is a negative feeling.
E) It is cognitive in nature.
17. What is the motivation theory discussing three relationships: effort-performance relationship, performance-reward relationship, and rewards-personal goals relationship?
18. A research group in Arizona recently conducted a survey among workers of a coal power plant to understand emotions and their happiness quotient. Employees at the plant often complained about poor working conditions and low insurance benefits. However, the group was surprised with the findings of the survey because employees had a positive mood 70 percent of the time during work hours. Which of the following concepts would best explain such findings?
A) butterfly effect
B) framing effect
C) anchoring bias
D) distinction bias
E) positivity offset
19. According to the concept of ________, decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes, ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number.
A) utilitarianism
B) selective perception
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) halo effect
E) contrast effect
20. Which leadership theory argues that leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their subordinates–the ingroup, who are trusted, get a disproportionate amount of the leader's attention, and are more likely to receive special privileges?
21. Johanna Godfrey works as a guest relations executive at a five-star deluxe hotel in Washington. During her job, she needs to greet and smile at guests irrespective of her state of mind. In addition, when any guest faces problems, she needs to be calm and composed and help resolve issues. This shows that Johanna's job requires ________ labor.
22. The Ohio State Studies narrowed the independent dimensions of leader behavior to two that substantially accounted for most of the leadership behavior described by employees: consideration and ________.
23. Rachel Hartley is a former top management graduate student who now works as a project manager at a retail firm. However, despite her strong educational background, she often finds it difficult to manage her team efficiently. She is not able to understand her team's emotions when they feel frustrated with a work challenge or when they need appreciation for a job well done. Which of the following does Hartley suffer from?
A) downing effect
B) low emotional dissonance
C) depressive realism
D) low cognitive dissonance
E) low emotional intelligence
24. Tiffany Crowe works as a showroom executive at a clothing boutique in London. Today, she is in a positive mood and instantly greets and smiles at a customer who walks into the store. The customer feels welcomed by her response. While browsing the store, Crowe helps the customer with products and passes on her positive mood to the customer. The customer leaves the store feeling content with a smile on her face. Which of the following best describes this situation?
A) emotional contagion
B) positivity offset
C) cognitive dissonance
D) framing effect
E) bandwagon effect
25. Describe the four-step process by which social learning takes place in social learning theory.
26. The president of a small Asian country was hailed as a visionary and a genius when the nation's economy burgeoned during his first term in office. However, when the currency and the stock markets crashed during his government's second term, he was censured as arrogant, elitist, and shortsighted. Which of the following theoretical approaches is reflected here?
A) trait theories
B) behavioral theories
C) path-goal theory
D) servant leadership perspective
E) leadership attribution theory
27. Cooper Mills is a company that accomplished one of the greatest success stories of our time. The company, which began in the garage of its current CEO, Kyle Cooper, went on to become one of the largest producers of textiles in the country. The company has now diversified successfully into other product lines. A group of researchers is now undertaking a study on Cooper Mills as an organization led by a transformational leader. Which of the following, if true, would most support the conclusion that Kyle Cooper is a transformational leader?
A) The management follows Kyle's principle of avoiding risks and conducting business conservatively.
B) Cooper Mills' goals tend to be very ambitious and to hold personal value for employees.
C) Cooper Mills has a centralized decision-making structure.
D) Cooper Mills' performance has held at average levels for the past three years.
E) Cooper Mills' compensation plans are designed to reward short-term results.
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